Population Shrinkage in Resource-dependent Cities in China: Processes,Patterns and Drivers     

LI He  Kevin LO  ZHANG Pingyu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2020,(1):1-15

Resource-dependent cities(RCs)are a vulnerable group of urban settlements that often face population shrinkage;however,population changes in RCs in China are not well understood.This study offers new insight into this matter through a robust analysis that features a longer time scale,a larger sample of RCs,and a finer unit of analysis.It finds new evidence that problems of population shrinkage in RCs are more serious than previous literature has suggested.Approximately 30%of the studied units have experienced either long-term or short-term population shrinkage,and many more are experiencing a slowing down of population growth.Problems are especially common among three types of RCs:the resource-depleted RCs,the forestry-based RCs,and RCs in Northeast China.These results underscore transition policy inadequacies in addressing population loss,and call for a more comprehensive and diversified population policy that tackles the multifaceted factors that contribute to population shrinkage,including lack of industrial support,maladjustment to market oriented reformation,poor urban environment and natural population decline.  相似文献   

叠前深度域偏移成像技术及其应用     

马国东 《中国煤炭地质》2008,(6):53-55

根据“西部煤炭资源高精度三维地震勘探技术”项目中对国内外各种深度域偏移成像方法和特点的调研成果．对各类深度域成像的算法和特点进行了总结,指出不同深度域成像算法选取原则主要依据构造复杂程度和横向速度变化情况。结合克希霍夫叠前三维深度域偏移模块说明深度域偏移原理和工作流程,并以实例说明叠前深度域成像能够解决因第四系地层厚度剧烈变化造成的下覆煤层赋存形态被扭曲、深度误差大、断层平面位置不准确等问题。该实例中,叠前深度域成像划分的煤层深度比时间域偏移剖面解释结果向下移动40多m,钻探结果证实其解释的煤层深度和断层位置比较准确。  相似文献   

Sedimentary facies of the central part of radial tidal sand ridge system of the eastern China coast     

Yong YIN  Xinqin ZOU  Dakui ZHU  Jiaxiang HUANG 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2008,2(4):408-417

A unique radial tidal sand ridge system (RTSRS) has developed under a complex tidal current field on the eastern China coast between the Yangtze River delta to the south and the abandoned Yellow River (Huanghe) delta to the north. The present study examines the sedimentary evolution of a ridge-channel pair in the central RTSRS. Three cores, with two on the ridges and one in the channel, were drilled to reveal the late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the system. Five sedimentary facies were distinguished, i.e. ridgeshallow subtidal facies, ridge-deep subtidal facies, nearsurface channel bottom facies, middle tidal flat facies and low tidal flat facies. The ridge-shallow subtidal facies consists of sandy strata with ripple cross beddings, horizontal lamina, and massive beddings. Bioturbation seldom occurs. The ridge-deep subtidal facies is primarily characterized by sandy and muddy interlayers with common flaser and lenticular bedding structures. Bioturbation appears abundantly. Massive and graded sediment sequences of storm origin are present as characterized by rich shell fragments. The nearsurface channel bottom facies consists of loose, soft, clayey silt deposits with deformed sedimentary layers. This facies occurs in the deeper part of the active channels. The middle tidal flat and lower tidal flat facies composed of silt-clay couplets prevailed primarily in the tidal flats. Incomplete sedimentary successions show that coastal plain deposits dominate in the study area during 12–13 ka B.P. The sandy ridge and channel facies became dominant during 4–6 ka B.P. when the sea level receded temporarily. Tidal ridge and channel in the study area became active during the last four decades. Sediment reworking due to typhoon and sandy ridge migration plays a key role in shaping the present radial ridge system.  相似文献   

地震勘探在地层倾角较大地区的应用初探     

张奋轩  曹新领 《中国煤炭地质》2008,20(2):49-52

在地层倾角较大地区,尤其是通过钻孔见煤深度推断的地层倾角变化较大地区,钻孔之间的地层及构造变化情况,若仅依靠钻孔资料,可能会得出与事实相反的结论。大倾角地层地区的地震勘探,须解决的地质问题主要有：受构造运动影响,煤系地层被风化剥蚀后,与新生界呈不不整合接触关系的煤层露头点：背斜轴部发育的褶曲、断层以及煤层赋存形态的变化;受大断层的牵引作用,其附近地层倾角变化及小断层的发育情况。在地震资料处理时,对干涉波应采用炮炮计算切除量及去线性干扰模块进行切除：并认为偏移处理中的层速度,做沿层平滑较均方根速度平滑更加合理。在进行解释时,应注意分辨不同的波形特征及断点识别标志。实例表明：地震勘探可以准确地控制单斜地层因断层导致的背斜构造及地层倾角变化情况。  相似文献   

Diverse Range of Mineralization Induced by Phase Separation of Hydrothermal Fluid: Case Study of the Yonaguni Knoll IV Hydrothermal Field in the Okinawa Trough Back-Arc Basin     

Ryohei Suzuki    Jun-Ichiro Ishibashi    Miwako Nakaseama    Uta Konno    Urumu Tsunogai    Kaul Gena  Hitoshi Chiba 《Resource Geology》2008,58(3):267-288

The Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal vent field (24°51′N, 122°42′E) is located at water depths of 1370–1385 m near the western edge of the southern Okinawa Trough. During the YK03–05 and YK04–05 expeditions using the submersible Shinkai 6500, both hydrothermal precipitates (sulfide/sulfate/carbonate) and high temperature fluids (Tmax = 328°C) presently venting from chimney‐mound structures were extensively sampled. The collected venting fluids had a wide range of chemistry (Cl concentration 376–635 mmol kg^?1), which is considered as evidence for sub‐seafloor phase separation. While the Cl‐enriched smoky black fluids were venting from two adjacent chimney‐mound structures in the hydrothermal center, the clear transparent fluids sometimes containing CO₂ droplet were found in the peripheral area of the field. This distribution pattern could be explained by migration of the vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid within a porous sediment layer after the sub‐seafloor phase separation. The collected hydrothermal precipitates demonstrated a diverse range of mineralization, which can be classified into five groups: (i) anhydrite‐rich chimneys, immature precipitates including sulfide disseminations in anhydrite; (ii) massive Zn‐Pb‐Cu sulfides, consisting of sphalerite, wurtzite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite; (iii) Ba‐As chimneys, composed of barite with sulfide disseminations, sometimes associated with realgar and orpiment overgrowth; (iv) Mn‐rich chimneys, consisting of carbonates (calcite and magnesite) and sulfides (sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, alabandite, and minor amount of tennantite and enargite); and (v) pavement, silicified sediment including abundant native sulfur or barite. Sulfide/sulfate mineralization (groups i–iii) was found in the chimney–mound structure associated with vapor‐loss (Cl‐enriched) fluid venting. In contrast, the sulfide/carbonate mineralization (group iv) was specifically found in the chimneys where vapor‐rich (Cl‐depleted) fluid venting is expected, and the pavement (group v) was associated with diffusive venting from the seafloor sediment. This correspondence strongly suggests that the subseafloor phase separation plays an important role in the diverse range of mineralization in the Yonaguni IV field. The observed sulfide mineral assemblage was consistent with the sulfur fugacity calculated from the FeS content in sphalerite/wurtzite and the fluid temperature for each site, which suggests that the shift of the sulfur fugacity due to participation of volatile species during phase separation is an important factor to induce diverse mineralization. In contrast, carbonate mineralization is attributed to the significant mixing of vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid and seawater. A submarine hydrothermal system within a back‐arc basin in the continental margin may be considered as developed in a geologic setting favorable to a diverse range of mineralization, where relatively shallow water depth induces sub‐seafloor phase separation of hydrothermal fluid, and sediment accumulation could enhance migration of the vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluid.  相似文献   

The role of tectonic shear strain on the illitization mechanism of mixed-layers illite–smectite. A case study from a fault zone in the Northern Apennines,Italy     

F. Dellisanti  G. A. Pini  F. Tateo  F. Baudin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(3):601-616

The influence of tectonic strain on the diagenetic degree and illitization process of mixed-layers illite–smectite at shallow crustal conditions was studied. For this purpose, the modal composition of clay fraction and illite FWHM parameters of argillites deformed by a regional-scale fault zone were studied in detail by XRD, chemical analyses and by SEM observations. Analyses were performed on deformed samples of the fault rock and compared with the non-deformed rocks off the fault zone. In addition, this paper reports a detailed comparative analysis of deformed (shear surfaces and cleavage domains) and non-deformed domains (lithon cores) of a scaly fabric in the fault rock. A systematic increase in illite concentration, a decrease of Kübler index and FWHM₍₀₀₂₎ values, and an enrichment of K⁺ ions were observed in cleavage domains with respect to the non-deformed sediments off the fault zone and the lithon cores within the fault rock. Migration of K⁺-rich fluids along scaly cleavage domains causes progressive conversion of smectite-rich I–S to illite-rich I–S and thickening of illite crystallites along the c-direction. Changes in mineralogical and crystallographic parameters, therefore, seem to be strongly controlled by shear plane development in highly sheared rocks.  相似文献   

柴达木盆地东部地区不整合与油气成藏的关系   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵卫卫  查明  吴孔友 《地质学报》2008,82(2):247-253

本文论述了柴达木盆地东部地区不整合类型与控油特征、不整合结构与油气运聚特征以及不整合运聚油气的成藏模式.柴达木盆地东部地区经历了多次构造运动的改造,形成了多个不整合.根据不整合在油气运聚中的作用,以不整合的成因机制及地震反射特征为基础将柴达木盆地东部地区不整合划分为褶皱、断褶、削截、超覆和平行5种类型.风化剥蚀程度的不均一性使不整合具有典型的层状结构,即不整合面之上的岩石、风化粘土层和半风化岩石.不整合纵向分层结构构成油气运移的双重通道,同时为油气聚集提供良好的储集空间和圈闭条件.不整合发育部位及剖面形态的差异,导致不同类型的不整合形成不同的油气成藏模式.  相似文献   

Geochronology of Pliocene volcanism in the Dzhavakheti Highland (the Lesser Caucasus). Part 2: Eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland. Regional geological correlation     

V. A. Lebedev  S. N. Bubnov  O. Z. Dudauri  G. T. Vashakidze 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2008,16(5):553-574

The results of isotopic-geochronological study of the Pliocene volcanic rocks in reference sections and volcanic edifices of eastern part of the Dzhavakheti Highland (the northwestern Lesser Caucasus) are considered. The isotopic-geochronological data obtained here are correlated with data on western part of the Dzhavakheti Highland, which have been considered in previous part of this work. Based on correlation, time spans of principal volcanic events of the Pliocene in the study region as a whole are determined, and general trends of the young magmatism evolution within the region are established. In sum, the isotopic-geochronological dates evidence that the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland developed practically without essential breaks during the period of about 2 Ma long, from 3.75 to 1.75–1.55 Ma ago. The areal basic volcanism that was most widespread at that time is divisible into five discrete phases according to the isotopic dates obtained. Comparatively short pauses, which separated these phases of magmatic activity, were a few hundreds thousand years long, not more. Chemical composition of moderately acidic to silicic volcanics, which are of a limited distribution in the Dzhavakheti Highland, and their age relations with basic lavas of the region suggest that they are most likely the differentiation products of parental basic mantle-derived magmas. The analyzed distribution of volcanic centers, which erupted basic lavas of the Dzhavakheti Highland, evidence that first two phases of basic magmatism were connected here with volcanic activity in southwestern part of the region (northern termination of the Egnakhag Ridge), whereas activity of volcanoes situated on the east, predominantly in water-shed part and on slopes of the submeridional Dzhavakheti Ridge, controlled development of the third and fourth phases. Consequently, magmatic activity of the Pliocene stage in history of the Neogene-Quaternary magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland laterally migrated from the west to the east, being controlled by development of regional submeridional extension zones. Volcanic ridges marking the latter are formed by volcanic edifices, which are amalgamated at their bases and have erupted lavas of close age and composition. The migration of volcanic activity can be described in terms of the “domino effect,” when cessation of volcanism in one zone led to formation of the other submeridional zone of extension and magmatic activity displaced from the west eastward in sublatitudinal direction. In general, evolution of the Pliocene magmatism of the Dzhavakheti Highland, was similar, despite the essential regional peculiarities, to the generalized trend of magmatism evolution in the continental rifts and intraplate zones of the “hot-spot” type.  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地南缘白垩系原油成藏特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

魏东涛  贾东  赵应成  曹剑  杨海波  陈涛 《地质论评》2008,54(3):399-408

准噶尔盆地南缘地区的油气勘探与石油地质研究长期以来以二叠系和侏罗系含油气系统为主。本文在前人工作基础之上,从烃源岩、油源和油气运聚三方面,首次比较系统地剖析了本区的白垩系原油成藏特征。研究结果表明,白垩系烃源岩的生烃和油气聚集中心位于玛纳斯—呼图壁一带,烃源层系最大厚度可超过250 m,有机质类型以Ⅰ—Ⅱ1型为主,在古近纪末进入成熟排烃阶段,是本区不可忽视的一套重要烃源岩。白垩系原油纵向上主要聚集于古近系安集海河组到白垩系吐谷鲁群储层流体系统,可能存在三期油气运聚,第一期在早更新世晚期,以流体系统内部的白垩系原油运聚成藏为主,第二期是在中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期,白垩系原油,以及成熟度相对较低的古近系原油在此流体系统内部发生混合,第三期在晚更新世末期,以油气(并以侏罗系天然气为主)在垂向上沿断层的调整为特征,最终形成了复杂的多源、多层系油气分布态势。综合认为,需要充分重视白垩系原油在本区的勘探和研究。  相似文献   

A Study of the Migration and Accumulation Efficiency and the Genesis of Hydrocarbon Natural Gas in the Xujiaweizi Fault Depression   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

LI Jijun  LU Shuangfang  XUE Haitao  HUO Qiuli  XU Qingxia 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(3):629-635

In order to investigate the migration and accumulation efficiency of hydrocarbon natural gas in the Xujiaweizi fault depression, and to provide new evidence for the classification of its genesis, a source rock pyrolysis experiment in a closed system was designed and carried out. Based on this, kinetic models for describing gas generation from organic matter and carbon isotope fractionation during this process were established, calibrated and then extrapolated to geologic conditions by combining the thermal history data of the Xushen-1 Well. The results indicate that the coal measures in the Xujiaweizi fault depression are typical ＂high-efficiency gas sources＂, the natural gas generated from them has a high migration and accumulation efficiency, and consequently a large-scale natural gas accumulation occurred in the area. The highly/over matured coal measures in the Xujiaweizi fault depression generate coaliferous gas with a high δ^13C1 value （〉 -20‰） at the late stage, making the carbon isotope composition of organic alkane gases abnormally heavy. In addition, the mixing and dissipation through the caprock of natural gas can result in the negative carbon isotope sequence （δ^13C1 〉δ^13C2 〉δ^13C3 〉δ^13C4） of organic alkane gases, and the dissipation can also lead to the abnormally heavy carbon isotope composition of organic alkane gases. As for the discovery of inorganic nonhydrocarbon gas reservoirs, it can only serve as an accessorial evidence rather than a direct evidence that the hydrocarbon gas is inorganic. As a result, it needs stronger evidence to classify the hydrocarbon natural gas in the Xujiaweizi fault depression as inorganic gas.  相似文献